Gambling involves risking something of value, such as money, on the outcome of an uncertain event. Some forms of gambling involve skill, such as a card game or horse race; others do not, such as slot machines or bingo. While most people gamble for fun, some individuals develop problems with this activity. Problem gambling (PG) and pathological gambling (PG) share many features with substance use disorders (SUDs), including impaired control of impulses, impaired motivation, distorted thinking and negative emotional states. In addition, a significant number of studies have shown that impulsiveness is a characteristic feature of gambling behavior. However, it is unclear how the impulsivity of gambling differs from that of SUDs or whether there are unique characteristics specific to gambling.
There is a growing role for primary care providers to evaluate patients for addictive behaviors, including gambling. Unlike SUDs, which are primarily drug-related, gambling is a legal, non-drug behavioral activity that can have addictive potential. It can cause massive surges of dopamine, which are similar to those produced by ingesting a drug. This dopamine release can impair motivation for healthy activities such as eating, working and sleeping. It can also lead to financial difficulties and a false sense of control. Moreover, gambling can interfere with relationships and work performance.
People are genetically predisposed to developing a gambling disorder, and the condition tends to run in families. It is also more common in people who have experienced trauma or stress in their lives. Additionally, a gambling disorder can occur in people who have certain personality traits and coexisting mental health conditions, such as depression.
Although most people participate in gambling as a form of entertainment, some people become too seriously involved and engage in illegitimate or illegal activities to support their gambling habits. These illegitimate or illegal activities may include lying to loved ones, downplaying gambling involvement and relying on others to fund or replace losses caused by gambling. These illegitimate or illegal behaviors are often associated with pathological gambling.
Gambling may be beneficial for some individuals, such as those with a positive psychological state or who are socially engaged. Those who enjoy a rush of dopamine and the challenge of making decisions are more likely to be attracted to gambling. However, for those with a gambling disorder, the excitement and reward are often outweighed by the risks and costs of a gambling habit.
The most important factor for preventing gambling addiction is to understand why people gamble and to know your limits. When you play, start with a fixed amount of money that you are willing to lose and stick to it. Always tip your dealers and cocktail waitresses. They rely on tips to earn a living, and it is rude to treat them like a cashier. When you win, be sure to congratulate the dealer or waitress and celebrate in a safe way. Do not go home and spend the winnings. This will increase the chances of a relapse.