Gambling involves risking something of value (money or other goods and services) in the hope of winning a prize. The chance of winning is determined by the ‘odds’, which are a mathematical way of quantifying the probability of an event occurring, or of a particular outcome being produced. The term ‘gambling’ also encompasses games of skill, where the gambler employs some level of strategy to influence the outcome.
There is some evidence that gambling can be addictive. However, the research in this area is complex and it is not clear what exactly causes people to become addicted to gambling. It is likely that a combination of factors, including psychological and environmental ones, are involved in the development of an addiction. Some studies suggest that impulsiveness is associated with the onset of gambling problems. This is because people who engage in gambling are more prone to taking risks and acting without considering the consequences.
Problem gambling is usually seen as a psychiatric disorder that requires treatment. It is characterized by the recurrent and escalating use of gambling, resulting in negative social and financial effects for the gambler and their family. There are a variety of options available for those who have a gambling problem, from self-help to inpatient and residential treatment and rehabilitation programs. Many of these also offer marriage, career and credit counseling to help individuals address the issues that have caused their gambling problems.
Although the vast majority of people who gamble do not experience any problems, it is estimated that a small percentage of them develop a gambling problem. There is a range of severity levels for gambling problems, and the frequency and intensity of gambling activities can vary from none to a great deal.
The term ‘problem gambling’ is often used to refer to pathological gambling, but the concept of pathological gambling has undergone profound change in understanding during recent decades. In the past, it was regarded as a form of alcoholism; today it is considered to be a mental health disorder in its own right. This shift in perception has been reflected, or stimulated, by the changing clinical definitions of pathological gambling in the various editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (called DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association.
Whether it is betting on the outcome of a football match or playing a scratchcard, gambling is a dangerous activity that can be extremely addictive. Gambling is a complex business, and while the odds of winning are high, so are the chances of losing money. Some people find it difficult to stop gambling, and they may even hide their activities from family and friends.
Some of the most serious problems with gambling are related to underlying mood disorders such as depression or anxiety. These can cause compulsive gambling and lead to more serious behavioural and emotional problems. These can be hard to recognise, especially for those who don’t have an experienced support network.